Consider several structural components, as illustrated below:
- Compactness refers to the distance between the frontmost defenders and the back line of defenders. Players on the defensive team who are not ballside do not contribute to the team's compactness.
- Concentration refers to the horizontal spacing of the defensive players behind the ball. To increase concentration, defenders should "pinch in" toward the center to limit space in front of their goal.
- Density refers to the number of players per unit of area who are ballside and goalside within the defensive unit. Density increases as the team becomes more compact or more concentrated. You also can increase density by requiring more players to recover ballside and goalside when the team loses possession of the ball.
- Seams refer to the gaps between each ballside defensive player.
Of course, the defensive principles of pressure, cover, and balance must also be incorporated into your team's defensive posture. Pressure is especially important, as this is the cue that guides the positioning of all the other defenders. With tight pressure from the first defender, the rest of the team can become more compact because the first attacker will be less able to play long services to his teammates. In turn, increased compactness allows the defense to put even greater pressure on the ball, thus increasing their chances of forcing a turnover of possession.
Conversely, if the team is caught without good first defender pressure, the back line of defenders will likely need to drop off from the ball. This reduces compactness, but it also reduces the risk posed by a long service over the top or a penetrating pass through a seam. Here, the principle of immediate chase becomes critical, as the covering defenders can't step back up to increase compactness until a recovering teammate can press the ball.
Pressure from the first defender also signals which other defenders should drop into covering roles as second defenders. This adjustment by the second defenders limits space that could be exploited by a creative dribble, and also serves to tighten the seams among the defenders near the ball. Since a large seam can be split easily with a penetrating pass, your defense must constantly shift to reduce the size of these gaps.
The remaining members of the defensive unit provide balance by staying goalside of any runners off the ball. They must also work to limit defensive seams, though, by becoming more concentrated. Increased density will limit through pass and entry pass options, and will also reduce shooting lanes for the attackers.
Awareness and coordination of movement are vital, as the back line must continuously seek opportunities to become more compact and more concentrated without conceding penetrating chances to the opposition. Should the first attacker be able to play a ball that changes the point of attack, all the defenders must move while the ball is traveling so that they can get pressure on the ball as soon as (or before) it reaches its recipient.
Whenever possible, you want to keep the play in front of your defensive unit so that you never find yourself chasing a ball while facing your own goal (and, most likely, under pressure of an attacking player). Your defensive shape should force square or dropback passes by the opposition whenever possible, and prevent your opponent from ever gaining possession behind your back line. Your defense must react quickly to press the ball after each pass. Otherwise, a simple dropback pass might allow a long ball to be played over the top of a compact defensive unit that hasn't had time to drop off in anticipation of the new attacking threat.
Robert Parr
